The Anarchism Read online

  By the mid-nineteenth century anarchist principles were expanded in a meaningful way, causing the first major discussions at the First International between Mikhail Bakunin and Karl Marx.

  By the mid-nineteenth century there were some communist anarchist groups in France, like the daily L'Humanitaire , the first organ of the French libertarian communism. In 1846-47, some illegalists were convicted of certain acts. After the February Revolution of 1848, the end of the monarchy and the establishment of the Second French Republic, arises in Toulouse figure Bellegarrigue Anselme, who formed in 1850 in Paris the "Association of free thinkers" who published several pamphlets which repudiated the burgeoning French governmentalism appealing to the complete abstention, which was later called political strike as a means to paralyze the government.Author and editor Anarchie, Journal de l'Ordre and Au fait! Au fait! Interprétation de l'idée démocratique , wrote an early Bellegarrigue Manifeste de l'Anarchie ( Manifesto of Anarchy ) in 1850.

  Democracy led to the military coup of 1851 and the subsequent Second French Empire of Napoleon III, prompting a review advocated the abandonment of parliament, and direct legislation by the people. The authoritarian socialism of Marx and Engels (who published the Communist Manifesto in 1848) faced the Proudhonian mutualism, and are important in this time the figures of the anarcho Eliseo Reclus, Ernest and Joseph Déjacque Coeurderoy.

  In Spain, from the absolutist restoration of 1814, the monarchy and the apparatus of power that surrounded her were fought along the century by federalists as Pi, which pragmatically put aside their social conceptions to unite the Federalist Party , of which he was head. In industrialized areas, especially in Catalonia, since 1840 began spreading associations of workers, who continued openly or clandestinely until the revolution of September 1868 and largely end up joining the First International.

  It was among the nobility that the humanitarian ideas of the eighteenth century, in particular in Paris, found echo. Reading Feuerbach was a boost to Bakunin to get rid of absolutist conceptions and philosophies that dominated until then. But in the absence of other libertarian figures to collaborate, since 1846, in Paris, Bakunin continued to develop his thinking while being immersed in the brotherhood of Slavic peoples in a federalist utopia.

  Before the death of Proudhon - mutualism in 1865 was in the hands of the poor class, and in 1864, during the preparation of the International, Marx’ talent helped him to impose his own ideas on the proletariat.

  By the end of 1863 Bakunin focused his interest in social movements that sought reborn and act on democratic and socialist forces infiltrated by militants. His ideas focused on the association and federation as a basis for reconstruction after removal of the existing system. In 1868 he entered the International, and his comrades was separated from the League of Peace and Freedom to form the "International Covenant" they enrolled and entering the International, where supposedly he was already infiltrated what was called the ' Fraternity ". Thus began a conflict between supporters of Bakunin and Marx for control of the organization that ended with the breakup of the International in 1872.

  Bakunin's vision of man as a social being by nature shifted the basic unit of society from the individual to the community, and the assumption of their thesis by Proudhon during the First International marked a change in anarchist thought of individualism collectivism. Furthermore, the conflict between the authoritarian state of the "dictatorship of the proletariat ', given by Marx, and the immediate destruction of the defending state by Bakunin, finished promoting the rift between Marxism and anarchism and anarchists exited of that organization. For the anti-authoritarian socialism of Bakunin, "the dictatorship of the proletariat was bound to become a dictatorship over the proletariat."Unionism was spreading among the labor movement, especially in Spain, especially in Catalonia and Andalusia. After the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, the Paris Commune took place in the spring of 1871, a brief and popular revolution and federal government, claimed by both Marxists and collectivists.

  They can not pass without mentioning the contribution of American individualist anarchism, especially of Henry David Thoreau, Mackay, Josiah Warren and Benjamin Tucker,both contributed to the evolution of American literature and thought. This explains the rise in the United States obtained by the libertarian movement, which led to the bourgeoisie to find a pretext to destroy the number of organizations and newspaper groups that existed in America in the 1880s. The pretext was the bombing at the factory “MacCormick” in Chicago. The American anarcho-individualism showed differences from the European, it was using some concepts and ideas to attack Proudhonists patron-wage worker.

  In the United States, Henry David Thoreau saw in his essay Civil Disobedience ( Civil Disobedience , 1866) a plea for individual resistance to government opposition to an unjust situation. Hi, critical of industrialization and progress, was thinking to emphasizes individual experience of the natural world, as seen in his famous book Walden (1854), and became an environmentalist history anarchism.

  In 1845, the lawyer Lysander Spooner wrote radical essay called anti-slavery unconstitutionality of slavery . Installed firmly in the tradition of natural law and faced since the beginning of his professional career with the ideological and protected by the State, in 1870 he wrote the No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority , explaining that all legislation is opposed to natural law and is therefore criminal. An example of this was founded in 1844, by the American Letter Mail Company , which competed with the legal monopoly of the Postal Service of the United States as it was in violation of the "Statute of Private Delivery", which restricts U.S. transport and delivery of letters by any organization outside the Postal Service. Spooner believed that monopolies were immoral restraint, and although he had some success lowering prices, the government of the United States challenged Spooner with legal measures, forcing him to cease operations in 1851.He also faced the issue of intellectual property. In his long and incomplete work, The Law of Intellectual Property (1855), had expressed intellectual right as the product of the mind, no less than the manual labor, property, and therefore an inalienable right of the individual. Complained that the legislation failed to protect intellectual property of citizens: those thinkers service status quo were rewarded with wealth, while those who served humanity impoverished if they were not mistreated.

  His abolitionism led him to criticize the reasons for the Civil War (1861-1865): understood that fighting for the false issue of marriage, when should have been fought over the issue of slavery. Spooner thought that slavery would not have dared to rebel against a government that gave freedom to the world while defending their own freedom, southerners won a moral and psychological advantage that sustained during the war. Thus, in 1864 published a letter to Charles Sumner in which he accused northern politicians have 'on their head, even more, if possible, on the same slave (who have acted according to their associations , interests and principles held as slave) rests the blood of this horrible, unnecessary, and therefore guilty, war. "

  After the expulsion of the anarchists of the International, they founded the anti-authoritarian International or International Saint-Imier in 1873, which was dissolved in 1877, after the death of Bakunin. The General Council of the AIT in 1872 moved to New York, where he was officially dissolved in 1876.

  By 1880 there were three existing anarchist conceptions, collectivism in Spain, the individualist-mutualist in the U.S. and anarcho-communism, which spread in the rest of Europe.Formulated for the first time in the Italian section of the First International by Carlo Cafiero, Errico Malatesta and Andrea Costa, among others, had the essential thinkers Piotr Kropotkin, Reclus and Élisée mentioned Errico Malatesta. Initially lived with collectivism, and it would not be until after Bakunin's death began the disputes between the two movements. For Kropotkin and Reclus, cooperation and mutual aid were an evolutionary factor which had led to human success as a species.

  The anarcho-communism of it was in a more fundamental sense of moral and material
and formal, many of them accepted collectivism as a stage in the natural evolution to a libertarian communist society.

  Berne Congress of 1876 established the reciprocal respect for the means of action used in each country, the Italians, with Malatesta and Cafiero front, defended the fact insurrection as a means of effective propaganda, the propaganda of the deed, which had been previously advocated by Bakunin and Kropotkin in 1870 and after Malatesta.At first some anarchists criticized unions as possible accommodations within the capitalist system, to observe the behavior of reformist unions or apolitical at the time. Later many of these, including Kropotkin, found it necessary to participate in trade unions in order to achieve influence to the workers and peasants. The anarchists later adopted as proposed by alternative society anarcho-syndicalist unions like the CNT of Spain and the FORA in Argentina.

  In the U.S., the individualist Benjamin Tucker studies Warren, one of the most important American anarchists of the late nineteenth century. As Warren considered his ideas as socialistic, but was more committed to free markets, arguing that the reason that farm produce was the distortion caused by the monopolies, which blamed the government. In 1881 Tucker founded the newspaper Liberty , which became one of the forums of the radical thought of his time. Communist anarchism and theories of violent activism came from Europe,Tucker used Liberty to debate, denying the right to call a collectivist anarchist and anarchist.

  However, with strong European emigration to the Americas anarchosyndicalism rooted in the U.S., and so the famous strike took place in the eight-hour workday of May 1, 1886 that took three days later at the Haymarket Riot and death of so-called martyrs of Chicago (1886-1887), events that led to the movement of celebration of May 1 as International Workers Day.

  The anarcho-communism was gradually accepted by the rigid collectivist anarchism prevailed in organizations. After the death of Alfonso XII, the agitation for the eight-hour day and May 1, 1886 and subsequent events in the United States gave a new impetus to the movement, especially in Catalonia.

  Kropotkin was arrested in 1882, accused of belonging to the International, and was imprisoned in France for three years, then moving to England in 1886. There he befriended the socialist William Morris, expressing libertarian tendencies, and founded the newspaper Freedom. He developed his ideas in a series of articles Révolté and The Révolté finally reunited in 1892 in the volume The Conquest of Bread , and a large and prolific work includingMutual Aid: A Factor in Evolution , which refuted the thesis of the naturalness of social inequality, from his observations in Siberia of different human and animal communities, noted that cooperation between individuals is common among animal species, in response to theories like social Darwinism and laissez-faire liberal, focused on constant competition between individuals and held by supporters of capitalism.

  He discovered major libertarian elements in the English than in the continental socialism, from the underground influence of William Godwin, whom he came to recognize as an ancestor confirming their own ideas. Faced with the bad press that anarchism began to acquire because of the first operations of 'propaganda by deed' in Europe, the benign appearance and reasonable tone Kropotkin helped to transform the image of anarchism.

  In France anarchism had completely replaced collectivism, his past and very solid existence in Spain were unknown. French anarchists of the 1880s were socialists from all places. This isolated them from the people, who declined to authoritarian socialism, which did not require an intellectual and revolutionary effort. A first generation of illegalists, Ravachol, Émile Henry, Auguste Vaillant and Geronimo Caserio emerged in France. The "propaganda by deed" provoked persecution of anarchists, the cause was the assassination of French President Marie François Sadi Carnot, and the result was the exile of many anarchists in London in 1894.

  In Russia, the revolutionary anarchism ran concentrating on terrorism focused on ending Tsar Alexander II, who eventually died in 1881. From 1891 started to spread anarchism all over Russia mainly due to Varlaam Cherkesov, friend of Kropotkin and Malatesta, who fought Marxism that was slowly gaining influence in the Russian socialism, stating in 1900 that the Communist Manifesto of Marx and Engels was a plagiarism of a work of Victor Fourier. Cherkesov finally became fascinated by French syndicalism, coming to the conclusion that "the popular unionism is socialism." From 1905, the revolutionary anarchism of Kropotkin was followed by eager militant action, thwarting his attempts to establish some organization of workers, while collective acts of people followed the authoritarian socialist initiatives.

  By anarcho-syndicalism, anarchist principles were expanded in a meaningful way. With strong European emigration to the Americas, anarchism also expanded on that continent. Mutualism in Europe gave way to collectivist anarchism and anarcho-syndicalism later. Then they started giving discussions between collectivist anarchists and libertarian communists. Anarcho-syndicalism was later influenced by syndicalism.

  Towards the end of the 1880s in Spain, and anarcho-collectivists stopped by economic approaches face-revolutionary, as indeed also Kropotkin and other voices in the international anarchism advocated. In 1889, the regional Federation (Crown International) is replaced by the Spanish Anarchist Organization region, irrespective of revolutionary processes or economic schools. Marble Tarrida Fernando was appointed delegate to the international anarchist meetings in Paris and established that no special economic regime should be imposed on the new organization, and that all work on the economy should not be considered only as a study.In a letter sent to TarridaThe Révolte in August 7, 1890, anarchism without adjectives posed as the Spanish model to overcome differences between anarchist movementsm they say they "believe that being an anarchist means being the enemy of all authority and enforcement, and Consequently, whatever the system that advocate such doctrines, is considered the best defense of Anarchy, not wanting to impose it on those who do not accept. "

  There was dissemination of Italian anarcho newspapers like La Sociale Questione Gaetano Bresci (who assassinated in 1900 the King of Italy Umberto I of Savoy), or Cronaca Sovversiva Luigi Galleani from 1903.Galleani of illegalists ideas, was a known advocate of "propaganda by the deed", around which gravitated other figures like Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, unjustly executed in 1927 for assault and homicide.Although anarchism was not among the American working class that was spreading in Europe, revolutionary syndicalism of the Industrial Workers of the World -World-Industrial Workers (IWW), developer of worker solidarity in the revolutionary struggle in the United States, was anarchist Lucy Parsons as its main references.Also noteworthy in the American anarchism thinker, speaker and propagandist of Emma Goldman Lithuanian origin. Pacifist and pioneer of women's emancipation, was the author of Anarchism and Other Essays (1910) and My Disillusionment with Russia (1922), which recounted his experience and rejection of statist authoritarianism that followed the Russian Revolution of 1917.

  Anarchism in Action

  Spain

  Index

  1 Introduction

  2 history of anarchism in Spain

  3 The first decades, XIX Century

  3.1 The International I, 1868-1874

  3.2 Return to the legality and reorganization

  3.3 anarcho-collectivism, anarcho-communism against

  3.4 The propaganda of the deed

  4 Revolutionary unionism, 1900-1910

  4.1 The revolutionary education

  4.2 The neo-Malthusianism

  4.3 The Tragic Week

  5 from revolutionary syndicalism to anarcho-syndicalism, 1910-1923

  5.1 The creation of the CNT

  5.2 The anarchist opposition to World War

  5.3 The revolutionary general strike of 1917

  5.4 The CNT after the First World War, 1917-1923

  5.5 The CNT and the Third International

  5.6 The general strike in Barcelona The Canadian, 1919

  5.7 The Bolshevik triennium in Andalusia, 1918-1920

  6 The Dictatorship of Primo de Ri
vera, 1923-1930

  6.1 The workers Ateneos

  6.2 The Libertarian naturism

  6.3 The international language

  6.4 The FAI

  7 The end of the dictatorship and the Second Republic, 1930-1936

  7.1 The "treintism"

  7.2 The insurrectionary cycle, 1931-1933

  7.3 The Alianza Obrera

  7.4 The Revolution of Asturias, 1934

  7.5 The Popular Front, 1936

  7.6 The cooperative

  7.7 Free Women

  8 War and Revolution in Spain, 1936-1939

  8.1 anarchist presence in the Spanish Civil War