The Anarchism Page 3
8.2 Collaboration of the CNT-FAI with the government during the war
8.3 Social Revolution
8.4 Counterrevolution
9 The Franco regime, 1939-1975
9.1 Exile
9.2 The anarchist maquis
9.3 The plots against Franco
9.4 The late-Franco
9.5 Interior Defense
10 The democratic era, 1975-2010
10.1 Transition to democracy
10.2 The 80
10.3 The 90s
11 News
11.1 Other anarchist movements
11.2 Influences on other movements
12 Violence
13 Culture and Counterculture
14 Printing and dissemination anarchist
15 List of libertarian organizations
16 Bibliography
17 References
Introduction
In the study of anarchism in Spain has often dominated the equation of anarchism with syndicalism. At various points in the history of libertarian ideas they were even hegemonic among the Spanish labor movement. Thus syndicalism for decades constituted the main group of anarchists who spread anarchist ideas to new generations. When history is analyzed anarchism is inevitably bumping into syndicalism, sometimes leaving the impression that it is the same, forgetting the huge variety and plurality of anarchist ideas. However, even anarcho-syndicalism was a homogeneous movement throughout history.
Since Giuseppe Fanelli made known the ideas of the International in Spain, organized labor was directed largely toward libertarian ideas. There was a historical continuity of organizations and principles from the First International and the largest organization of anarcho-syndicalism, CNT. The working class was structured in such unions who entered a process of radicalization and organization from 1900 to 1936 culminating in the Revolution. There were quite a few attempts in the revolutionary process, under different parameters in line with that anarchism that permeated the labor movement. While in Catalonia (the main industrial zone of the country) syndicalism was the dominant force in the industry, in Andalusia rooted in the peasantry. Its geographical organizational evolution led to the predominance Anarcosindicalist movement mainly in coastal cities (Gijón, La Coruna, Ferrol, Vigo, Cadiz, Seville, Malaga, Cartagena, Alicante, Valencia, Tarragona, Barcelona, Palma de Mallorca, Santa Cruz de Tenerife. .., with their respective areas of influence) with few incursions into the interior generally remained under the influence of socialists (exceptions would Zaragoza, Cordoba, La Rioja countryside, central Catalonia, a mining area ...).
As said, not everything was syndicalism-anarchism. Sometimes out of it, and other intermingled with it, there were different interpretations of the libertarian idea. Often taking an individualistic, reluctant to organize nature, while others based their scope in the culture, and the rationalistic spirit which displayed anarchism. Thus, there were Esperanto anarchists, spiritualists, naturists, vegetarians, abstainers (alcohol, snuff and coffee), which sometimes developed their ideas within the CNT unions and other independently in their own collective, Athenians, magazines or even attempted intentional community. There were other anti-authoritarian or collectivist labor movements which were not libertarian syndicalists. At the dawn of the labor movement mutual, mutual aid societies, and cooperatives were developed, and with them the movements that would evolve, mutualism, societarism (embryo unionism) and cooperatives.
The regime of Francisco Franco marked the breaking point between the anarchism that had been planned for 70 years of accumulation of forces. Anarchism beginning to emerge in the 1960s was influenced by the new libertarian culture of other countries. It was no longer a worker anarchism, but counterculture, more like theyth and who like to live on the margins of society. Yet in Spain, people managed to re-root the old anarchism of the Spanish labor movement by anarcho-syndicalism. In the late 70s they turned to an important but short-live libertarian resurgence, which lacks solid foundations, and after the fiasco of Scala case, ended in nothing after the Spanish Transition.
Today anarchism has managed to penetrate some of its most important concepts in modern society. There are rare concepts of "assembly", "mutual support", "self", "direct action", "direct democracy", horizontal decision making, control of organizations by the base, "empowerment", the " anti-politicism "... Anarchism reaches the XXI century with a vast history behind it.
History of anarchism in Spain
In Spain the history of social rebellion, ie, the popular contempt for lawful authority (the State or the Church) and the authority could be traced to the beginning of time. One of the best examples were the bagaudas in times of the Romans and Visigoths, authentic rural guerrillas formed by deserters from the armies, peasants and poor people excluded from society fighting the social order. They are a good example of social "guerrilla" that occurred in much of the forests and mountains of Europe for centuries.
Off the main roads, entire regions remained free of the feudal power of the medieval kingdoms. However, they were not free from the power of the Catholic Church and some feudal lords, but seldom completely independent spending entire decades as such. The most important social and economic relations of these villages were given by the communal possessions and collective work (common). Forests, pastures and mountain passes of the cattle were exploited in common, roads, bridges, some houses (mountain huts, chapels, warehouses ...), were works of villagers working together. It was not uncommon for peasant in the villages to build new houses, take turns caring for livestock or even to help families in their head of household was sick.The remains of this society have spaed in some areas the twentieth century. The privatization of the commons, known as secularization in the nineteenth century would cause a serious problem in the villages, beginning an era of accelerated impoverishment, and migration from the countryside to the city would cause an excess of cheap labor with which began the Industrial Revolution.
The French Revolution succeeded in changing social relations in Europe. Their echoes reached the realm of ideas. This revolution started socialism and liberalism that came to Spain in the early decades of the nineteenth century. The first modern anarchist philosopher William Godwin, wrote his summit work (" Disquisition on political justice and its influence on the virtue and happiness of the people ") in 1793, strongly influenced by the Revolution in France. There anarchists of that time were called Enragés, ie, the "angry", the "hostile". Their leaders (Jacques Roux, Jean Varlet, Jean Leclerc) were influential in 1793, but ended up being executed under the regime of Robespierre (who liquidated all who were politically on the left). His ideas and practices were virtually ignored for decades.
During the first decades of the nineteenth century, Spain remained outside the new European ideas. Far from the centers of dissemination of ideas (London, Paris or Berlin) ideas took ages to arrive. The first "socialist" idea come through the works of Fourier. Fourier proposed the creation of a unit of production and consumption, the phalanges or phalansteries based on a comprehensive and self-sufficient cooperatives, as well as the free pursuit of what he called passions individual, which would build a state called harmony . In practice, however, there was only one phalanstery experience in France (failed immediately), plus it was another experience in Spain promoted by Joaquín de Abreu and Orta in Jerez de la Frontera. Abreu, emigrated to France, met Fourier in 1831 and took part in his experiment of phalanstery in Condé-sur-Vesgres. He returned to Cadiz in 1834, outlined the theories falansterianas in city newspapers. But to raise the capital he went to Madrid, to try to convince the government to fund it. By denying support this project was aborted. The Andalusian falansterism was dismissed as "socialism gentlemen" for its excessive paternalism and social origin of its promoters. Another foray into Spain of a libertarian socialist idea, was that of Icarian. Based on the ideas of Étienne Cabet, prentendían establishing egalitarian communes. His works and projects influenced some Spaniards, including Narciso Monturiol, creator of the first submarine.
"The terms in which the conflict arose were simple. Since early May 1855, four manufacturers had imposed on their workers spinners, apart from the twelve hours on weekdays and nine hours on Saturday, would work half an hour on Saturday afternoon in the weeks in which there was any besides Sunday holiday. The spinners refused and were fired. Shortly thereafter, thirteen other manufacturers followed suit the requirement of the first four ... Employers demanded fifty seven and a half hours, and workers refused to impose this additional half hour. " Source:
Frenchman Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, would make a synthesis of previous utopian socialist movements, and will add new features that are characteristic of the proletariat began to organize itself, to call federalism or mutualism. Within the federalist movement, Proudhon chose a radical and clearly socialist federalism. His socialist federalist idea was therefore contrary to that advocated centralism German socialists (Marx, Engels, Lassalle). Francisco Pi (named, in his death, " The wisest of the Federalists, almost an anarchist "by Ricardo Mella), in exile in France widely known the ideas of Proudhon. Translate the books The federal principleand philosophy of progress , which would be the first anarchist books that were written in Castilian. When Pi founded his federal republican party, it will have a radical federalist faction, called the "intransigent", including several activists who would later would anarchism. Anarchism often attracted people from the radical bourgeoisie, and throughout the following decades many Republicans and masons will be approaching these ideas.
Other factors of discontent in Spain were giving rise to the anticlericalism of the large power of the Catholic Church in the Spanish, society or social banditry, because of the harassment to which he was subjected rural areas, for example. Also abounded during the nineteenth century peasant uprisings due to the harsh living conditions in the Andalusian countryside, such as El Arahal (1857) or Loja (1861). In these cases this had nothing to do with an anarchist agitation, since it does not exist, but there were clear explosions of discontent.
The first decades, XIX Century
The International I, 1868-1874
The "modern" Anarchism is introduced in Spain in 1868. Giuseppe Fanelli arrived in Spain that year with a mission to recruit members for the First International (founded in 1864), and eventually organize a section in Spain.Fanelli turn was in contact with the newly formed Alliance of Mikhail Bakunin. However, the International was already controlled by the group of Karl Marx, who dominated the General Council in London. When the Alliance wants to join the International as an organization is denied on the grounds that the sections should be based on the territories, not ideological tendencies.
Fanelli spoke only French and Italian, so the attenders could understand very little of what he was saying. Of all these, a man, Tomás González Morago knew some French. Yet the passion that was expressed Fanelli managed to convince and enthuse locals. Anselmo Lorenzo realized his speech:
"His voice had a metallic tone and was susceptible to all appropriate for what he was saying, scooting intonations of anger and threat against tyrants and exploiters comforting to become pitiful and inflections ... we could understand their expressive mime and follow his speech. "
Anselmo Lorenzo. The militant proletariat
These workers would become the core of the International in Spain, dedicated since then to extend "the idea" for Spain. Fanelli, it is unknown whether on purpose or by mistake, provided the laws of the Alliance as being those of the International. The first group of internationalists would be established in Spain Madrid. After months of meetings, rallies and debates they managed to attract quite a following. They laid the foundations for the creation of the embryo of a union. By 1870 the Madrid section of the International had 2000 members.
As in Madrid, the international soon take root in Barcelona. Fanelli also make a presentation of the International in this city. Barcelona, industrial and proletarian city was then a stronghold of federal republicanism. Even the workers were strongly imbued with these ideas. But the city was a stronghold of the revolt of the proletariat, the Luddism, and the first unions. As said before, the city had suffered several revolts in progressive biennium 1854-1856. There were also frequent revolts against compulsory recruits for the army, the fifth . In 1869 he created a section of the International in Barcelona.
These two centers internationalist activity continued to expand their ideas elsewhere. Anarchism soon take root throughout the peninsula, especially in Valencia, Andalusia and Galicia. The first anarchist newspapers wereThe Federation (Barcelona), created in 1869, Emancipation (Madrid), created in 1871 and would be the unofficial newspaper of the International, that after the arrival of Paul Lafargue but chose Marxism and The Damned (also in Madrid), directed by Tomas Gonzalez Morago to be devoted to counter the above, and would be the first anarchist newspaper in Spain.
One of the most important events in those years was the Congress of 1870 in Barcelona. It was the first Spanish-scale congress brought together delegates from some 150 labor organizations, and included thousands of observers (" occupying every chair, filling the corridors and esparramados beyond the entrance , "according to Murray Bookchin). Here the Spanish section of the International was reconstituted as the Spanish Regional Federation (also known simply as the Spanish Federation). The structure of the organization, which ended up being more like a labor union to a party (as in other parts of Europe) was also decided on it. The conference had a clear anarchist tinge despite the presence of non-members of the International anarchists from other European nations. He was treated with disdain by the media and political parties. In Congress considered a legitimate means of exchange direct attack on the political process and presaged the future power of unions like the CNT.
Conflicts at the International labor flows between different (between supporters of Marx and Bakunin, especially) also peppered the Spanish Federation. Paul Lafargue (Marx's son in law), was sent to Spain after the defeat of the Paris Commune in 1871. He settled in Madrid, and soon had a following. Appropriated several committees of the Federation in Madrid as well as the same newspaper, The Emancipation . And of these posts began to defend the need for a labor party in Spain to emancipate the proletariat. Zaragoza was held in the Second Congress of the FRE in May 1872. The new Federal Council took up residence at Valencia.
In 1872, following an attack of Emancipation against newly elected Federal Council (anarchist trend), the Madrid Federation expelled the pro-socialist group in the organization (including figures such as Pablo Iglesias). The expelled then constitute the New Madrid Federation was the embryo of the Socialist Party. In the same year, 1872, Mikhail Bakunin was expelled from the International by the Marxists after the conference in The Hague (Netherlands). Anarchists were reorganized in Saint-Imier Congress (Switzerland) and expected to consolidate its power in Italy and Spain. The Spanish Federation worked thereafter without, free from bureaucracy central councils.
December 25, 1872 began in Córdoba the III Congre
ss of the FRE , which unanimously approved the opinion of the opposite Commission to the Congress of The Hague (supporter of Marx) and friendly Saint-Imier (anarchist). From here, there was what could be termed as the official branch of the two branches of socialism in Spain: Marxist and libertarian. During these years the Spanish Regional Federation grew at a phenomenal pace and became one of the largest sections of the AIT. In 1872 comprised 11,500 members, and in 1873 more than 40,000.
The problems of the Spanish called revolutionary administration, continued. The King Amadeo I renounced the throne on February 11, 1873. On the same day the Republic was proclaimed. But the revolutionary thrust of the masses and the subsequent reaction of the military made this republic soon contained the seeds of its own self-destruction. For one in northern Carista uprising broke out, and the other on the Mediterranean coast called cantonal Revolution burst. Participate in this revolution quite intermingled with federal internationalist Republicans who led these riots. The most notorious cases were those of Alcoy, Sanlucar de Barrameda or Cadiz (where he participated anarchist Fermín Salvochea) where the rebellion took a more popular aspect. From these facts, the press wrote sensational stories about alleged atrocities that never took place - crucified priests, men in flames, etc.. By mid-year the republic would become Federal Republic, which began to unleash an uncontrolled Republican anti-military movement to the situation (for the military) that the country experienced. After the crushing of the Canton of Cartagena, the events of Alcoy and Sanlucar de Barrameda, on January 11, 1874, the International was outlawed. The organization then went underground and disappeared. But, even so in June 1874 it was able to celebrate the Fourth Congress of the FRE , in Madrid, who managed to go to 48 local federations. At that time the FRE was made by no less than 190 local federations and sections 349 (unions), while in other local constitution feraciones 135 sections and 183 more. The total membership was about 70,000.